Matter
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Everything in nature which occupies space and has mass is known as matter.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ All matters are made of extremely small particles called atoms.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: air, water, bench, chalk, wood etc.
Properties of matter
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Particles have space between them.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Particles are constantly moving.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Particles attract each other (inter-atomic attraction/inter-molecular attraction).
Classification of Matter
Solid State
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Physical state of matter having fixed shape and volume.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Space between particles is very little.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Strong inter atomic attraction.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Density is greater than liquid and gas.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Non-compressible.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: iron, wood, stone, diamond
Liquid State
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Shape is uncertain but volume is certain.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Acquires the shape of the vessel in which it is kept.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Has tendency to flow, so referred as fluid.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Particles are slightly away from each other.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Density is more than gas but less than solid.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Less compressibility.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Diffusion of particles is less than gas and more than solid.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: water, oil, petrol, mercury
Gaseous State
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Shape and volume are not uncertain.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Acquires the shape and volume of container in which it is kept.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Inter molecular attraction is very weak.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Highly compressible.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Extremely low density.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Highly diffusible.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: air, oxygen, $\displaystyle \small CO_{2}$
Plasma
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ It’s a lot like gas but atoms are different because they are made up of free electrons.
OR
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Fluid consisting of highly charged gaseous particles in an excited state/ionized state.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: fluorescent light bulbs, neon gas filled in neon sign bulb
Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC)
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ BEC theory was proposed by Satyendra Nath Bose and Einstein.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ When subatomic particles (bosons) cooled to near absolute zero, gas molecules come together and condense to a liquid.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ BEC state is achieved by cooling matter to almost absolute zero temperature.
Atom
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Atomic theory was postulated by Dalton.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ According this theory, every material is made of very minute particles called atoms.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Made of three particles-electron, proton and neutron.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ The chemical properties of the atom are determined by the number of protons and arrangement of electrons.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They take part in chemical reaction.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They cannot exist in a free state.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Diameter of an atom is approximately $\displaystyle \small 10^{-10}$ m.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen etc.
Electron
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Discovered by J.J. Thompson.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They are negatively charged particles.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They rotate around the nucleus.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Charge = $\displaystyle \small -1.6\times 10^{-19}$ coulombs.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Mass = $\displaystyle \small 9.1\times 10^{-31}$ kg.
Proton
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Discovered by Goldstein.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They are positively charged particles.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They are present in the nucleus.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Charge = $\displaystyle \small 1.6\times 10^{-19}$ coulombs.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Mass = $\displaystyle \small 1.673\times 10^{-27}$ kg = 1837 times of electron.
Neutron
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Discovered by James Chadwick.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Neutral particles i.e. no charge on it.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They are present in the nucleus.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Mass = $\displaystyle \small 1.673\times 10^{-27}$ kg
Molecule
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ A group of two or more atoms bound together with a chemical bond.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They exist in free state.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: $\displaystyle \small O_{2}$, $\displaystyle \small HCl$, $\displaystyle \small H_{2}O$
Element
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Made of similar type of atoms.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ No physical or chemical reaction can break down the elements into two or more than two simpler substances having different properties..
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Elements are categorized as metals, non-metals, sub-metals.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: $\displaystyle \small O_{2}$, $\displaystyle \small O_{3}$
Compound
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Two or more atoms of different elements combine together in a definite ratio after a chemical reaction to form a new substance.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Properties of compound are entirely different from its constituent elements.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: water ($\displaystyle \small H_{2}O$), silica ($\displaystyle \small SiO_{3}$), sugar ($\displaystyle \small C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$ )
Mixture
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Substance formed by mixing two or more substances, elements or compounds together.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ These can be easily separated by physical methods.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: air ($\displaystyle \small N_{2}, O_{2}, CO_{2}$) , salt solution, sugar solution
Homogeneous Mixture
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ All components of mixture are in the same sate.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: sugar solution
Heterogeneous Mixture
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ All components of mixture are in different state.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: gun powder, oil and water, smoke, fog, sand and water
Effect of Temperature
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ If the temperature of solid rises, particles start vibrating very rapidly. The temperature at which a solid starts melting and becomes liquid is known as melting point.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ If the temperature of liquid rises, kinetic energy of particles rises, which converts it into gaseous state. The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling and converts into gas is known as boiling point.
Effect of Pressure
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Applying pressure squeezes the gas molecules and brings them closer, converting gas into liquid.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Everything in nature which occupies space and has mass is known as matter.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ All matters are made of extremely small particles called atoms.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: air, water, bench, chalk, wood etc.
Properties of matter
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Particles have space between them.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Particles are constantly moving.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Particles attract each other (inter-atomic attraction/inter-molecular attraction).
Classification of Matter
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Physical state of matter having fixed shape and volume.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Space between particles is very little.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Strong inter atomic attraction.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Density is greater than liquid and gas.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Non-compressible.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: iron, wood, stone, diamond
Liquid State
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Shape is uncertain but volume is certain.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Acquires the shape of the vessel in which it is kept.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Has tendency to flow, so referred as fluid.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Particles are slightly away from each other.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Density is more than gas but less than solid.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Less compressibility.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Diffusion of particles is less than gas and more than solid.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: water, oil, petrol, mercury
Gaseous State
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Shape and volume are not uncertain.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Acquires the shape and volume of container in which it is kept.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Inter molecular attraction is very weak.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Highly compressible.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Extremely low density.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Highly diffusible.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: air, oxygen, $\displaystyle \small CO_{2}$
Plasma
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ It’s a lot like gas but atoms are different because they are made up of free electrons.
OR
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Fluid consisting of highly charged gaseous particles in an excited state/ionized state.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: fluorescent light bulbs, neon gas filled in neon sign bulb
Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC)
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ BEC theory was proposed by Satyendra Nath Bose and Einstein.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ When subatomic particles (bosons) cooled to near absolute zero, gas molecules come together and condense to a liquid.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ BEC state is achieved by cooling matter to almost absolute zero temperature.
Atom
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Atomic theory was postulated by Dalton.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ According this theory, every material is made of very minute particles called atoms.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Made of three particles-electron, proton and neutron.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ The chemical properties of the atom are determined by the number of protons and arrangement of electrons.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They take part in chemical reaction.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They cannot exist in a free state.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Diameter of an atom is approximately $\displaystyle \small 10^{-10}$ m.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen etc.
Electron
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Discovered by J.J. Thompson.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They are negatively charged particles.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They rotate around the nucleus.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Charge = $\displaystyle \small -1.6\times 10^{-19}$ coulombs.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Mass = $\displaystyle \small 9.1\times 10^{-31}$ kg.
Proton
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Discovered by Goldstein.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They are positively charged particles.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They are present in the nucleus.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Charge = $\displaystyle \small 1.6\times 10^{-19}$ coulombs.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Mass = $\displaystyle \small 1.673\times 10^{-27}$ kg = 1837 times of electron.
Neutron
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Discovered by James Chadwick.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Neutral particles i.e. no charge on it.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They are present in the nucleus.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Mass = $\displaystyle \small 1.673\times 10^{-27}$ kg
Molecule
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ A group of two or more atoms bound together with a chemical bond.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ They exist in free state.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: $\displaystyle \small O_{2}$, $\displaystyle \small HCl$, $\displaystyle \small H_{2}O$
Element
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Made of similar type of atoms.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ No physical or chemical reaction can break down the elements into two or more than two simpler substances having different properties..
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Elements are categorized as metals, non-metals, sub-metals.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: $\displaystyle \small O_{2}$, $\displaystyle \small O_{3}$
Compound
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Two or more atoms of different elements combine together in a definite ratio after a chemical reaction to form a new substance.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Properties of compound are entirely different from its constituent elements.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: water ($\displaystyle \small H_{2}O$), silica ($\displaystyle \small SiO_{3}$), sugar ($\displaystyle \small C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$ )
| Element | Compound |
|---|---|
| Made of single type of atoms | Made of two or more elements |
| Classified as metals, non-metals, sub-metals | Classified based on chemical bonds such as ionic, metallic etc. |
| There are 118 elements out of which 94 are natural | Infinite number of compounds |
| Elements cannot be broken down with the help of chemical reactions | Compounds can be divided with the help of chemical reactions |
| Ex: gold, copper, iron, silver | Ex: salt (NaCl), H2O |
Mixture
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Substance formed by mixing two or more substances, elements or compounds together.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ These can be easily separated by physical methods.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: air ($\displaystyle \small N_{2}, O_{2}, CO_{2}$) , salt solution, sugar solution
Homogeneous Mixture
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ All components of mixture are in the same sate.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: sugar solution
Heterogeneous Mixture
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ All components of mixture are in different state.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Ex: gun powder, oil and water, smoke, fog, sand and water
Effect of Temperature
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ If the temperature of solid rises, particles start vibrating very rapidly. The temperature at which a solid starts melting and becomes liquid is known as melting point.
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ If the temperature of liquid rises, kinetic energy of particles rises, which converts it into gaseous state. The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling and converts into gas is known as boiling point.
Effect of Pressure
$\displaystyle \small \bullet$ Applying pressure squeezes the gas molecules and brings them closer, converting gas into liquid.
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