Kingdom Plantae
It includes all the eukaryotic photosynthetic plants.
Members have a rigid cellulose cell wall.
They are non-motile and do not have any locomotory organs.
Most of the members are autotrophs, few are heterotrophs (Insectivorous plants, parasites).
Plantae include bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
They show an alternation of generation, i.e. alternation between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte.
Kingdom Animalia
All the multicellular animals are included in this kingdom.
Cell wall is absent.
They are heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms with holozoic mode of nutrition, i.e ingestion of food.
They have well developed organ system and locomotory organs.
They reproduce sexually by fusion of gametes, followed by embryological development.
Viruses
Viruses are ultra-microscopic, infectious, obligate intracellular parasites.
Dimitri J Ivanowski was the first to give scientific proof for the existence of viruses. The term virus was coined by Beijerinck.
They are acellular structures, characterised by an inert crystalline protein cover called capsid.
They exhibit properties of both living and non-living things.
They contain only one type of nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA as their genetic material.
Viruses that infect plants have single stranded RNA and viruses that infect animals have either single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA.
Bacteriophages are usually double stranded DNA viruses.
Disease caused by Viruses:
In Humans: Mumps, Small pox, Herpes and Influenza, AIDS
In Plants: Mosaic Disease, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing of veins, stunted growth.
Viroids
These are the smallest known infectious agents discovered by T O Diener in 1971.
They have free RNA, lack capsid and have no protein associated with the nucleic acid.
They cause potato spindle tuber disease.
Lichens:
Lichens are the symbiotic association between algae and fungi.
The algal component is called as phycobiont and fungal component as mycobiont.
Algae is autotrophic and provides food for fungi.
Fungi provides shelter and absorbs mineral nutrients and water, for its partner.
Lichens are good pollution indicators as they do not grow in polluted areas.
Morphologically lichens are of three types
i) Crustose: Spread as hard, granular crust.
ii) Foliose: Resemble flattened leathery leaves.
iii) Fruticose: Look like a network of slender branches.
.
It includes all the eukaryotic photosynthetic plants.
Members have a rigid cellulose cell wall.
They are non-motile and do not have any locomotory organs.
Most of the members are autotrophs, few are heterotrophs (Insectivorous plants, parasites).
Plantae include bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
They show an alternation of generation, i.e. alternation between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte.
Kingdom Animalia
All the multicellular animals are included in this kingdom.
Cell wall is absent.
They are heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms with holozoic mode of nutrition, i.e ingestion of food.
They have well developed organ system and locomotory organs.
They reproduce sexually by fusion of gametes, followed by embryological development.
Viruses
Viruses are ultra-microscopic, infectious, obligate intracellular parasites.
Dimitri J Ivanowski was the first to give scientific proof for the existence of viruses. The term virus was coined by Beijerinck.
They are acellular structures, characterised by an inert crystalline protein cover called capsid.
They exhibit properties of both living and non-living things.
They contain only one type of nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA as their genetic material.
Viruses that infect plants have single stranded RNA and viruses that infect animals have either single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA.
Bacteriophages are usually double stranded DNA viruses.
Disease caused by Viruses:
In Humans: Mumps, Small pox, Herpes and Influenza, AIDS
In Plants: Mosaic Disease, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing of veins, stunted growth.
Viroids
These are the smallest known infectious agents discovered by T O Diener in 1971.
They have free RNA, lack capsid and have no protein associated with the nucleic acid.
They cause potato spindle tuber disease.
Lichens:
Lichens are the symbiotic association between algae and fungi.
The algal component is called as phycobiont and fungal component as mycobiont.
Algae is autotrophic and provides food for fungi.
Fungi provides shelter and absorbs mineral nutrients and water, for its partner.
Lichens are good pollution indicators as they do not grow in polluted areas.
Morphologically lichens are of three types
i) Crustose: Spread as hard, granular crust.
ii) Foliose: Resemble flattened leathery leaves.
iii) Fruticose: Look like a network of slender branches.
.
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